임진강ㆍ한탕강유역 고대 관방체계와 하천로 (The Ancient National Defense System of the Imjingang River & Hantangang River Basins and Its River Routes)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 역사문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 지방사와 지방문화 / 25권 / 2호 / 229 ~ 268페이지
· 저자명 : 백종오

초록

이 글에서는 임진강과 한탄강 유역에 분포한 고대 성곽의 현황을 정리한 후 관방체계 이해를 위한 전제 조건, 유역의 관방체계의 특징과 양상 그리고 이들 관방체계와 하천로의 관계 순으로 살펴보았다.
그 결과 임진강과 한탄강유역의 고대 성곽들은 양주분지와 천보산맥일원에서 발원한 하천로를 중심으로 그 지천과의 합류지점에 대부분 입지하는 공통점이 확인되었다. 이들 하천로는 임진강유역의 북안에 위치한 江岸 平地城 방향으로 진행하면서 하나의 교통로 역할을 수행하게 되었던 것이다. 신천로, 간파천로, 설마천로, 문산천로가 바로 은대리성, 당포성, 호로고루, 덕진산성으로 연결되면서 거점성으로서의 기능을 가지게 되었다.
특히 사미천로의 남안에 자리한 육계토성은 백제 한성기의 북부 전략 거점으로 배후의 칠중성과 감악산을 하나의 벨트로 하는 방어체계를 형성시키고 있으며 이는 한강유역의 왕성인 풍납토성 일대에서도 몽촌토성이나 남한산과의 배치관계에서도 그 연원을 찾을 수 있었다.
고구려의 경우 임진강유역의 전략 거점은 육계토성과 인접한 호로고루이다. 역시 사미천로 연변에 자리하며 남쪽으로 이잔미성을 두고 있지만 대안의 칠중성과 감악산을 거쳐야 만이 양주분지와 한강유역으로 나아갈 수 있기 때문이다. 이때 감악산 서로인 설마천로가 주요 간선도로였다.
따라서 임진강유역은 북쪽에서 남류하는 사미천로→육계토성+칠중성+감악산→설마천로→중랑천로를 통해 한강유역으로 나아가는 간선도로가 백제 한성기의 최단거리 노선에 해당 한다고 할 수 있다. 이후 고구려는 호로고루를 거점성으로 사용하였지만 백제 한성기의 노선을 그대로 남진시에도 이용하게 된다. 신라와 통일신라도 마찬가지다. 다만 신라는 칠중성을, 통일신라는 호로고루를 다시 거점으로 사용한 흔적들이 발굴 유물을 통해 방증된다. 이것이 임진강ㆍ한탄강유역의 관방체계 속에서 육계토성과 호로고루가 가지는 역사적 가치와 위상이라고 생각된다.

영어초록

After summarizing the current status of ancient fortresses distributed in the Imjingang River and Hantangang River basins, this paper investigated the preconditions for understanding the national defense system, the relationship between the national defense system and the river route, and the characteristics and patterns of the national defense system in these basins.
As a result, it was confirmed that most of the ancient fortresses in the Imjingang River and Hantangang River basins were located at the confluence with the branch streams, centering around the river routes originated from the Yangju Basin and the Cheonbosan mountain range. These river routes played a role as a transportation route while moving on toward the direction of a riverbank fortress (Gangan Pyeongjiseong) located on the northern bank of the Imjingang River basin. The routes of Sincheon­ro, Ganpacheon­ro, Seolseulcheon­ro, and Munsancheon­ro were connected to Eundaeseong Fortress, Dangposeong Fortress, Horogoru Embankment, and Deokjinsanseong Fortress, and they functioned as a base fortress.
In particular, Yukgye­toseong Fortress (meaning Yukgye Earthen Fortress), located on the southern river bank of Samicheon­ro route, was a strategic base in the northern area of Baekje Kingdom during the Hanseong period, forming a defense system with Chiljungseong Fortress and Gamaksan Mountain as a belt. This layout originated from the relationship between Mongchontoseong Fortress and Namhansanseong Fortress in the areas of Pungnaptoseong Fortress, which was a royal castle around the Han River basin.
In the case of Goguryeo Kingdom, the strategic base of the Imjingang River basin was Horogoru adjacent to Yukgye Fortress. It was also located along Samicheon­ro route and had Ijanmiseong Fortress to the south. Passing through the alternative routes of Chiljungseong Fortress and Gamaksan Mountain, they could advance to the Yangju Basin and Han River basin. At that time, Seolseulcheon­ro route, which was west of Gamaksan Mountain, was the main arterial road.
Therefore, the main road leading to the Hangang River basin through Samicheon­ro route → Yukgye Toseong Fortress + Chiljungseong Fortress + Gamaksan Mountain → Seolmacheon­ro route → Jungnangcheon­ro route, which flew southward from the north, was the shortest route during the Hansung period of Baekje Kingdom. After then, Goguryeo Kingdom used the Horogoru embankment as a hub, but the river routes of the Hanseong period of the Baekje Kingdom were used as it was when they advanced southward. The same routes were used by the Silla Kingdom and the Unified Silla Kingdom as well. By the way, it was found that Silla used Chiljungseong Fortress as a base fortress, and Unified Silla used Horogoru Embankment as a base fortress from the excavated artifacts, which shows the historical value and status of Yukgye Toseong Fortress and Horogoru Embankment in the national defense system of the Imjingang River and Hantang River basins.
If further studies focus more on the development history of architectural techniques of the fortresses in the Three Kingdoms Period and the Unified Silla Period, the transition time from earthen fortresses to stonewall fortresses, and the stage of changes from the fortress built surrounding the top part of the mountain (Toeme­style) to the fortress built along the valleys surrounding the mountain peak (Pogok­style), the national defense system will be more clearly identified with more distinct characteristics.

참고자료

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