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Pintos Project 3 final report - Virtual Memory, Frame table

pintos 프로젝트 3 최종보고서 입니다. 코드와 설명이 하나도 빠짐없이 자세히 기록되어 있어, 그대로 따라하시면 all pass 나옵니다. 한양대 pintos 문서와 포스텍 pintos 문서를 참고하였습니당
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Pintos Project 3 final report - Virtual Memory, Frame table
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    • 📘 Pintos 운영체제 프로젝트의 실제 Virtual Memory 구현 기술 제공
    • 🔍 Frame Table, Page Table, Swap Table 등 핵심 메커니즘 상세 분석

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    소개

    pintos 프로젝트 3 최종보고서 입니다.
    코드와 설명이 하나도 빠짐없이 자세히 기록되어 있어,
    그대로 따라하시면 all pass 나옵니다.
    한양대 pintos 문서와 포스텍 pintos 문서를 참고하였습니당

    목차

    1. frame table
    1.1. Algorithm
    1.2. Data Structure
    1.3. Function

    2. lazy loading
    2.1. Algorithm
    2.2. Function

    3. Supplemental page table
    3.1. Algorithm
    3.2. Data Structure
    3.3. Function

    4. stack growth
    4.1. Algorithm
    4.2. Function

    5. File memory mapping
    5.1. Algorithm
    5.2. Data structure
    5.3. Function

    6. Swap table
    6.1. Algorithm
    6.2. Data structure
    6.3.Function

    7. On process termination
    7.1. Algorithm
    7.2. Function

    8. discussion

    본문내용

    1. frame table
    어떤 page에 frame을 할당하기 위해 frame table을 순회하였을 때
    1. free frame이 존재하는 경우
    해당 frame을 할당하면 된다.
    2. free frame이 존재하지 않는 경우
    다른 frame의 page를 evict하여 새로운 free frame을 만들어야 한다
    이때 page replacement algorithm을 통해
    evict할 frame을 고른 후,
    현재 frame에 참조중인 모든 page table의 reference를 제거하고,
    page에 변화가 있다면 write back이나 swap을 수행한다.
    evict된 frame은 새로운 page를 저장하기 위해 사용된다.
    project 3에서
    frame에서의 eviction을 위해 사용할 page replacement algorithm은 Clock algorithm이다.
    이 알고리즘은
    frame table을 순회하여
    page의 accessed bit이 1인 경우 0으로 바꿔주고,
    page의 accessed bit이 0인 경우 이를 선택한다.
    1.1. Algorithm
    Frame 생성
    Frame 생성을 위한 memory공간을 할당하기 위해 frame_allocate을 호출한다.
    이때, palloc_get_page(PAL_USER) 를 통해 user pool로부터 page를 생성한다.
    page allocation 성공
    생성한 주소 그대로 사용
    page allocation 실패
    free frame을 확보하기 위해 eviction()을 호출한다.
    palloc_get_page()를 다시 호출한다.
    frame을 생성하기 위해 malloc()을 호출한다.
    frame을 frame table에 추가한다.
    Frame 제거
    Frame 제거를 위한 frame_deallocate()를 호출한다.
    Frame table에서 해당 frame을 찾으면,
    page를 해제해주고,
    frame table에서 frame을 제거한다.

    참고자료

    · 한양대 pintos 문서, 포스텍 pintos 문서

  • AI와 토픽 톺아보기

    • 1. Frame table
      The frame table is a crucial component in memory management systems, particularly in operating systems that employ virtual memory. It serves as a central repository for information about the physical frames or pages of memory that are available for use by processes. The frame table stores metadata about each physical frame, such as its current state (free, allocated, or reserved), the process that is using it, and any protection or access rights associated with it. This information is essential for the operating system to efficiently manage the allocation and deallocation of physical memory, as well as to enforce memory protection and isolation between processes. The frame table is typically implemented as a data structure, such as an array or a hash table, that can be quickly accessed and updated by the memory management subsystem. Its design and implementation can have a significant impact on the overall performance and reliability of the operating system, as it is a critical component in the memory management process.
    • 2. Lazy loading
      Lazy loading is a powerful technique used in computer systems to optimize the use of resources, particularly memory and storage. The core idea behind lazy loading is to defer the loading or initialization of resources until they are actually needed, rather than loading them all upfront. This approach can provide several benefits, such as reduced memory footprint, faster startup times, and more efficient use of system resources. In the context of virtual memory management, lazy loading is often used to load pages of memory on-demand, rather than pre-loading the entire address space of a process. When a process attempts to access a page that is not currently in memory, the operating system's memory management subsystem will trigger a page fault, which in turn initiates the loading of the required page from secondary storage (such as a hard disk or SSD) into physical memory. This lazy approach to memory management can lead to significant performance improvements, especially for applications that have a large memory footprint but only actively use a subset of their address space at any given time. However, the implementation of lazy loading requires careful consideration of factors such as page fault handling, memory allocation policies, and the trade-offs between memory usage and access latency. Nonetheless, when properly designed and implemented, lazy loading can be a highly effective technique for optimizing the performance and resource utilization of computer systems.
    • 3. Supplemental page table
      The supplemental page table, also known as a secondary page table or a shadow page table, is a crucial component in virtual memory management systems. It serves as a complement to the primary page table, which is the main data structure used by the operating system to translate virtual addresses to physical addresses. The supplemental page table is typically used to store additional metadata or state information about the pages in memory, which cannot be easily accommodated in the primary page table due to its limited size or structure. This supplemental information can include things like access permissions, page protection flags, usage statistics, or even information about the virtual-to-physical address mapping that is not directly stored in the primary page table. The main purpose of the supplemental page table is to provide a more flexible and extensible way to manage the complex aspects of virtual memory, without overburdening the primary page table with too much additional data. By offloading certain memory management tasks to the supplemental page table, the operating system can maintain a more streamlined and efficient primary page table, which is critical for high-performance memory access. The supplemental page table is typically implemented as a separate data structure, such as a hash table or a tree-based data structure, and is closely integrated with the primary page table and the memory management subsystem of the operating system. Overall, the supplemental page table is an important optimization that enhances the flexibility and efficiency of virtual memory management in modern computer systems.
    • 4. Stack growth
      Stack growth is a fundamental concept in computer systems, particularly in the context of memory management and process execution. The stack is a region of memory used to store function call frames, local variables, and other data that is specific to the execution of a particular function or subroutine. As a program executes, the stack grows and shrinks dynamically to accommodate the changing memory requirements of the running code. When a function is called, a new stack frame is pushed onto the stack, and when the function returns, the stack frame is popped off the stack. This stack growth and shrinkage is a crucial aspect of program execution, as it allows the system to efficiently manage the memory resources required by different parts of the program. However, the stack growth process can also be a source of potential issues, such as stack overflow errors, which occur when the stack grows beyond the allocated memory region and encroaches on other parts of the address space. To mitigate these issues, operating systems and runtime environments often employ various techniques, such as stack guards, dynamic stack allocation, and stack overflow detection, to ensure the safe and efficient management of the stack during program execution. Understanding the principles of stack growth and the associated memory management challenges is essential for designing and implementing robust and reliable computer systems.
    • 5. File memory mapping
      File memory mapping is a powerful technique used in computer systems to efficiently manage the interaction between files stored on secondary storage (such as hard disks or SSDs) and the memory subsystem. The core idea behind file memory mapping is to establish a direct mapping between a region of a file and a corresponding region of the process's virtual address space. This allows the process to access the file's contents directly through memory operations, rather than having to go through the traditional file I/O system calls. The benefits of file memory mapping include: 1. Improved performance: By eliminating the overhead of file I/O system calls, file memory mapping can significantly improve the performance of applications that need to frequently access file data. 2. Reduced memory footprint: File memory mapping allows the operating system to only load the necessary parts of a file into memory, rather than loading the entire file upfront. 3. Simplified programming model: File memory mapping provides a more intuitive and straightforward programming model, as developers can treat file data as if it were part of the process's own memory space. The implementation of file memory mapping typically involves the use of specialized system calls, such as `mmap()` on POSIX-based systems or `CreateFileMapping()` on Windows. These system calls establish the mapping between the file and the virtual address space, and the operating system's memory management subsystem is responsible for handling the necessary page faults and data transfers between secondary storage and physical memory. File memory mapping is a widely used technique in a variety of applications, such as databases, multimedia players, and scientific computing, where efficient access to large amounts of file-based data is crucial for performance. Understanding the principles and implementation details of file memory mapping is an important aspect of designing and optimizing computer systems that rely on the efficient management of file-based data.
    • 6. Swap table
      The swap table, also known as the swap space or swap partition, is a crucial component in virtual memory management systems. It serves as a secondary storage area where the operating system can temporarily store pages of memory that have been evicted from the main physical memory (RAM) due to memory pressure or other resource constraints. The primary purpose of the swap table is to provide additional storage capacity beyond the limited physical memory available on a computer system. When the system runs low on available physical memory, the operating system can selectively swap out less-used pages of memory to the swap table, freeing up physical memory for more actively used data. This swapping process allows the system to maintain a larger working set of memory than would be possible with physical memory alone, enabling the execution of larger and more complex applications. The swap table is typically implemented as a dedicated partition on a secondary storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive (SSD). The operating system's memory management subsystem is responsible for managing the swap table, including deciding which pages to swap in and out, maintaining the mapping between virtual addresses and swap table locations, and efficiently transferring data between physical memory and the swap table. The performance and efficiency of the swap table can have a significant impact on the overall system performance, as excessive swapping can lead to significant latency and performance degradation. Factors such as the speed of the underlying storage device, the swap table's size, and the memory management algorithms used by the operating system can all influence the effectiveness of the swap table. In modern computer systems, the swap table remains an important component of virtual memory management, providing a flexible and extensible way to handle memory constraints and enable the execution of large and complex applications. Understanding the role and implementation of the swap table is crucial for designing and optimizing high-performance computer systems.
    • 7. Process termination
      Process termination is a fundamental concept in operating system design and implementation, as it represents the final stage in the lifecycle of a running process. When a process is terminated, the operating system is responsible for cleaning up and reclaiming all the resources associated with that process, including memory, file handles, network connections, and other system resources. The process termination process typically involves several key steps: 1. Cleanup of process-specific resources: The operating system will release all memory pages, file handles, and other resources that were allocated to the process during its execution. 2. Removal from scheduling queues: The process will be removed from any scheduling queues or other data structures used by the operating system to manage the execution of processes. 3. Notification of parent processes: If the terminated process had a parent process, the operating system will notify the parent process of the termination, allowing the parent to perform any necessary cleanup or error handling. 4. Reclamation of process ID: The process ID (PID) associated with the terminated process will be reclaimed and made available for reuse by the operating system. 5. Logging and auditing: Depending on the operating system and its security policies, the termination of a process may be logged or audited for security and monitoring purposes. The proper handling of process termination is crucial for the overall stability and reliability of an operating system. Failure to correctly clean up and reclaim resources during process termination can lead to resource leaks, memory corruption, and other system-level issues that can degrade performance and stability over time. Understanding the process termination mechanism and its implications is an essential part of designing and implementing robust and secure operating systems, as well as developing applications that can reliably interact with the underlying operating system.
    • 8. Swap table
      The swap table, also known as the swap space or swap partition, is a crucial component in virtual memory management systems. It serves as a secondary storage area where the operating system can temporarily store pages of memory that have been evicted from the main physical memory (RAM) due to memory pressure or other resource constraints. The primary purpose of the swap table is to provide additional storage capacity beyond the limited physical memory available on a computer system. When the system runs low on available physical memory, the operating system can selectively swap out less-used pages of memory to the swap table, freeing up physical memory for more actively used data. This swapping process allows the system to maintain a larger working set of memory than would be possible with physical memory alone, enabling the execution of larger and more complex applications. The swap table is typically implemented as a dedicated partition on a secondary storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive (SSD). The operating system's memory management subsystem is responsible for managing the swap table, including deciding which pages to swap in and out, maintaining the mapping between virtual addresses and swap table locations, and efficiently transferring data between physical memory and the swap table. The performance and efficiency of the swap table can have a significant impact on the overall system performance, as excessive swapping can lead to significant latency and performance degradation. Factors such as the speed of the underlying storage device, the swap table's size, and the memory management algorithms used by the operating system can all influence the effectiveness of the swap table. In modern computer systems, the swap table remains an important component of virtual memory management, providing a flexible and extensible way to handle memory constraints and enable the execution of large and complex applications. Understanding the role and implementation of the swap table is crucial for designing and optimizing high-performance computer systems.

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