IB Biology Internal Assessment

소개글

"IB Biology Internal Assessment"에 대한 내용입니다.

목차

1. Research Question
2. Introduction
3. Background Information
4. Materials
5. Method
6. Safety and Ethical considerations
7. Preliminary Trials
8. Variables
9. Qualitative observations
10. Raw data
11. Processed data
12. Statistical Testing
13. Evaluation
14. Works Cited

본문내용

Research Question
Effect of different types of antibiotics on the germination rate of Pisum sativum seeds?
Introduction
As the human race developed, several inventions were made to help our lives better. Antibiotics are one of them which significantly improved human health and life expectancy. Yet, it is considered a contaminant when it is found in the environment. Antibiotics get into the environment by mainly two ways: 1) When a person or an animal takes in antibiotics, excess of them, either in its original form or modified form, is released through their waste, or 2) through wastewater as unused antibiotics are discarded (“Antibiotics and the Environment”). They are known to have a significant effect on plant growth, its nutrition value, and the environment as it produces ‘super-microbes’ due to its promotion of antibiotic resistance (Lehman). Then what would be the effect of different types of antibiotics on the rate of seed germination? Would it accelerate it or decelerate it?
Background Information
Seed germination is a process of an organism growing from a seed. First, during imbibition, the seed absorbs the water which triggers the metabolic activation of the seed. Then, the energy is used to promote cell division and growth of the shoot (Allott and David 435).
Research done by Vaness Miden, et al. states that plant germination’s response may be positive or negative depending on the plant species and type of antibiotics, but plant trait was affected significantly even with a low concentration of any type of antibiotics.

참고 자료

Allott, Andrew, editor. “9.3 Growth in Plants.” IB Biology Course Book: For the IB Diploma, by David Mindorff, Oxford, 2014, pp. 422.
Allott, Andrew, editor. “9.4 Reproduction in Plants.” IB Biology Course Book: For the IB Diploma, by David Mindorff, Oxford, 2014, pp. 434–435.
Althaus, Rafael, et al. “Effect of Antibiotics on the Germination and Root Elongation of Argentine Intensive Crops.” ResearchGate, Sept. 2016,
www.researchgate.net/publication/312280442_Effect_of_Antibiotics_on_the_Germination_and_Root_Elongation_of_Argentine_Intensive_Crops.
"ANOVA Calculator: One-Way Analysis of Variance Calculator". GoodCalculator, https://goodcalculators.com/one-way-anova-calculator/.
“Antibiotics and the Environment: What You Should Know.” Minnesota Department of Health, 21 Dec. 2018,
www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/antibioticresistance/environment/environmentfs.pdf.
“Antibiotics.” NHS Choices, NHS, 23 May 2019, www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics/.
“Average Monthly Humidity in Ho Chi Minh City (Ho Chi Minh Municipality), Vietnam.”
World Weather & Climate Information, 14
weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Humidity-perc,Ho-Chi-Minh-city,Vietnam.
Bellino, Alessandro, et al. “Antibiotic Effects on Seed Germination and Root Development of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.).” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Academic Press, 6 Nov. 2017,
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147651317306796.
Benarab, Naila, and Fangnon Firmin Fangninou. “The Issues of Antibiotics: Cephalexin Antibiotic as Emerging Environment Contaminant.” ResearchGate, Feb. 2020, www.researchgate.net/publication/339428179_The_issues_of_Antibiotics_Cephalexin_Antibiotic_as_emerging_environment_contaminant.
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Drug Disposal: Dispose ‘Non-Flush List’ Medicine in Trash.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, 20 Dec. 2018,
www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-dispose-non-flush-list-medicine-trash.
Doxon, Lynn. “What Is the Normal Time Frame for Peas to Sprout After Planting?”
HomeGuides | SFGate, 17 Dec. 2018,
homeguides.sfgate.com/normal-time-frame-peas-sprout-after-planting-69347.html.
“Easy-PEAsy Seed Germination.” BBSRC, 15
bbsrc.ukri.org/documents/easypeasy-teachers-pack-and-student-sheets/#:~:text=Place%20two%20fresh%20peas%20on,frozen%20pea%20to%20the%20dish.
Feng, Liu, et al. “Effects of Six Selected Antibiotics on Plant Growth and Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activities.” ResearchGate, 2009,
www.researchgate.net/figure/Inhibition-of-phosphatase-activity-by-six-antibiotics-compared-to-the-controls-without_fig3_23806341.
“Germinating Seeds.” Biology 110 Laboratory, “Today's Forecast for Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.” The Weather Channel, 2020, weather.com/weather/today/l/e4f3028ded4eaa85aa504baa51acd7b6df7932ebc68c9d7aff1c838d1178f42c.
Huseyin, Onen, et al. “The Influence of Environmental Factors on Germination of Burcucumber (Sicyos Angulatus) Seeds: Implications for Range Expansion and Management.” ResearchGate, 2018, www.researchgate.net/figure/The-effect-of-different-pH-levels-on-seed-germination-of-different-burcucumber-Sicyos_fig4_324330720.
Lehman, Rebecca. “Antibiotics: Helping Our Bodies, Hurting Our Environment.” Yale Environment Review, 12 Apr. 2018, environment-review.yale.edu/antibiotics-helping-our-bodies-hurting-our-environment.16
Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard, and William E. Finch-Savage. “Seed Dormancy and the Control of Germination.” The Seed Biology Place, 2006, www.seedbiology.de/html2/dormancy06-fig1.html.
Lyanguzova, I. V. “Effect of Industrial Air Pollution on Wild Plant Seed Germination and Seedling Growth.” SpringerLink, SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, 11 Oct. 2011, link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1021443711060136.
Minden, Vanessa, et al. “Antibiotics Impact Plant Traits, Even at Small Concentrations.” US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search Database, Oxford University Press, 13 Mar. 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5393049.
Oluwadare, T. O., and C. I. Umechuruba. “Effect of Ten Antibiotics on the Recovery of Seed-Borne Pseudomonas Syringae Pv Syringae of Cowpea, Vigna Unguiculata (L.)
Walp Var. IT 825-2246-4.” Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1991, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1814865/.
“Pisum sativum.” NC State , plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/pisum-sativum/.
“Saigon South International School Air Quality Index (AQI) and Ho Chi Minh City Air Pollution: AirVisual.” Saigon South International School Air Quality Index (AQI) and Ho Chi Minh City Air Pollution | AirVisual, 2020,
www.iqair.com/us/vietnam/ho-chi-minh-city/saigon-south-international-school.
“Side Effects.” NHS, 23 May 2019, www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics/side-effects/.17
Shafawi, Zuhailah. “Storing Medications in the Refrigerator: Keep Up.” MyHealth, 27 Oct. 2017, www.myhealth.gov.my/en/storing-medications-refrigerator-keep/.
Starnes, Daren S, and Josh Tabor. “Chapter 9.” The Practice of Statistics, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman, p. 545.
Szymanski, Thomas. “Drug-Induced Photosensitivity: Focus on Antibiotics.” Pharmacy Times, 24 Aug. 2016,
www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/thomas-szymanski-pharmd-candidate-2017/2016/08/drug-induced-photosensitivity-focus-on-antibiotics.
“Today's Forecast for Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.” The Weather Channel, 2020,
weather.com/weather/today/l/e4f3028ded4eaa85aa504baa51acd7b6df7932ebc68c9d7aff1c838d1178f42c.
Turner, Gregory D., et al. “Effect of Acidity on Germination and Seedling Growth of Paulownia Tomentosa.” ResearchGate, 1988,
www.researchgate.net/publication/271687105_Effect_of_Acidity_on_Germination_and_Seedling_Growth_of_Paulownia_tomentosa.
Vanessa, Dias Cristina, et al. “The Strategic Role of the Nurse in the Selection of IV Devices.”
ResearchGate, Nov. 2012, www.researchgate.net/publication/235883911_The_strategic_role_of_the_nurse_in_the_selection_of_IV_devices.18
Vieira, Raquel, et al. “Mechanistic and Ecotoxicological Studies of Amoxicillin Removal through Anaerobic Degradation Systems.” ResearchGate, Feb. 2020,
www.researchgate.net/publication/339018281_Mechanistic_and_ecotoxicological_studies_of_amoxicillin_removal_through_anaerobic_degradation_systems.
Weber, Kela P et al. “Effect of ciprofloxacin on microbiological development in wetland mesocosms.” Water research vol. 45,10 (2011): 3185-96.doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.042
Zhang, Di, et al. “Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Germination of Two Pioneer Species in Ecological Restoration.” Scientific, 26 Oct. 2012, www.scientific.net/AMM.209-211.1265.