An Introduction to Language Capter 4. answer
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1. Compositional semantics.
A. i, iii
B. i. the set consisting of Anna
ii. the set consisting of Paul and Benjamin
iii. the set consisting of nothing (the empty set)
C. i, iii
D. Challenge exercise.
a. Since nobody kissed Laura, the meaning of kissed contains no pairs of individuals whose second member is (the individual) Laura. Thus, Semantic Rule II determines that the meaning of kissed Laura is the set consisting of no individuals (the empty set); Semantic Rule I determines that the sentence Jack kissed Laura is true if (the individual) Jack is a member of this set, and false otherwise. Since Jack is not a member of the set containing no individuals, the semantic rules correctly determine that the sentence is false.
b. Since Jack did not kiss Laura, the meaning of kissed does not contain the pair <Jack, Laura>. Thus, Semantic Rule II determines that the meaning of kissed Laura is a set that does not contain (the individual)
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