Ethnic Arts

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Architecture as a strong manifestation of social patterns and symbolic systems has been a central assumption in all cultures, past and present. Social stress and efforts at social integration have been viewed as major social phenomena that commonly shape architectural patterns. In the past few years, architecture has been recognized as representation of gender relationships and power as well (see Spain, 1992). One such architecture that reflects these relationships is the kiva, a room used by Puebloans usually for rituals and secular activities, and the subterranean mealing rooms. In this light, this paper describes, analyzes, and interprets kiva and mealing rooms in relation to gender and ritual in the Pueblo societies of the American Southwest. This paper argues that these spaces do not bring about a true social and gender integration.
Ritually oriented spaces have been recognized as early as the Basketmaker III and Pueblo I periods (AD 450-700 and 700-900), with the emergence of great kivas, "proto-kivas," and ritual features in oversized pit structures (Wilshusen, 1989). Closely resembled by the Telletubbie Dome, Kivas are entered through a hole in the roof. A stone bench for sitting lines the inside wall, sometimes interrupted by support columns for the roof. There is usually a hole in the floor. Now called a sipapu, this indentation is believed as symbolizing the connection from birth with Mother Earth. It is also believed as representing the spot from which the original inhabitants emerged from the lower world. Near the center of the kiva is a fire pit. A ventilation shaft on one side supplies floor-level air for the fire. In the life of early Puebloans, jacals (buildings with walls made of posts, sometimes covered with adobe and rock facings) or masonry surface storage structures were built in addition to traditional pithouse lodges and semisubterranean kivas.

참고 자료

Babcock, B. A. (1990). At Home No Womens Are Storytellers: Potteries, Stories and Politics in Cochiti Pueblo. Journal of the Southwest, 32, 356-389.
Charles, N. and Kern, M. (1988). Women, Food and Families. New York: Manchester University Press.
Cordell, L. S. (1994). Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Washington D.C.: St. Remy Press.
Cordell, L. S. (1997). Archeology of the Southwest. New York: Academic Press.
Dozier, E. P. (1965) Southwestern Social Units and Archaeology. American Antiquity, 31, 38-47.