LINGUISTICS FOR EVERYONE Chapter 11
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LINGUISTICS FOR EVERYONE
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Historical Linguistics: study of how languages change over time
History of English
Old English (449- cir. 1100)
Middle English (cir. 1100-1500)
Early Modern English (cir. 1500-1800)
Present-Day English
Language families: groups of languages that are related to one another, and can be trace back to a common ancestor (parent language)
Indo-European (IE) language family: the language family that includes English and many other languages spoken from Europe to India. Divided into many (sub)families such as Germanic, Italic, Celtic.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE): the parent language of members of Indo-European language family
Finding families: the comparative method
Comparative method: a technique of linguistic analysis that compares lists of related words in a selection of language to find cognates (in order to study the relationship between languages)
Cognates: words descended from a common ancestor
‘father’: pater in Latin, pére in French, padre in Spanish
‘fish’: pisces in Latin, poisson in French, pescado in Spanish
Latin, French and Spanish belong to a same language family (Italic)
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